Rotavirus is an important cause of childhood diarrhoea. A monovalent rotavirus vaccine (Rotarix®) was introduced into the Immunization Program of Brazil in 2006. In this study, we describe the incidence and burden of disease of rotavirus diarrhoea in two cohorts of children (vaccinated and unvaccinated). We followed two groups of 250 children under one year old, who were enrolled in December 2006 from a low-income residential area in Northeast Brazil. The children were monitored every two weeks for two years. Stool samples from children with diarrhoea were examined for the presence of rotavirus. Rotaviruses were genotyped using real time-polymerase chain reaction. The mean numbers of all-cause diarrhoea episodes/child (adjusted for age) in the first year were 0.87 and 0.84, in vaccinated and unvaccinated children, respectively. During the second year, the number of episodes/child decreased to 0.52 and 0.42. Only 16 (4.9%) of 330 stool samples were rotavirus-positive (10 vaccinated and 6 unvaccinated children) and only P[4]G2 rotaviruses were identified. All-cause diarrhoea episodes were more severe in unvaccinated children in the first year of age (p < 0.05), while vaccinated children had more severe episodes 18 months after vaccination. Rotavirus diarrhoea incidence was very low in both groups.

As infecções respiratórias agudas (IRA) são as principais causas da40 mortalidade mundial em crianças menores de cinco anos de idade e a maioria dessas mortes são próprias da bronquiolite e pneumonia. Recentes evidências de estudos usando sistemas de detecção no genoma tais como reação em cadeia da polimerase ou tecnologia de microarrays mostram que, na maioria dos casos, essas mortes são causadas ou precipitadas por vírus. Neste artigo, as definições das infecções dos tratos respiratórios superior e inferior são revisadas. Os principais sinais da gravidade da doença e a carga viral como causas da IRA estão descritas. O papel proeminente do vírus sincicial respiratório é enfatizado, com dados de estudos clínicos e epidemiológicos. Outros importantes patógenos virais, tais como o metapneumovírus humano, o coronavírus humano e influenza são examinados. O papel dos vírus recentemente descritos tais como o bocavírus, é também discutido. O impacto do HIV/AIDS na apresentação e ônus da IRA é avaliado e a sobrecarga das infecções de Pneumocystis jiroveci e Mycobacterium tuberculosis é reconhecidas. Conclui-se que há uma necessidade urgente de melhorar o diagnóstico, a terapêutica e as vacinas, bem como a ingestão de macro e micronutrientes das crianças do mundo, particularmente aquelas de países em desenvolvimento.

Acute respiratory infections (ARI) are the leading cause of mortality in children under five years of age worldwide and most of these deaths are due to bronchiolitis and pneumonia. Recent evidence from studies using genome detection systems such as polymerase chain reaction or micro-array technology show that, in most cases, these deaths are caused or precipitated by viruses. In this paper, the definitions of upper and lower respiratory tract infections are reviewed. The principal signs of disease severity and the burden of viruses as causes of ARI are described. The prominent role of Respiratory Syncytial Virus is stressed, with data from epidemiological and clinical studies. Other important viral pathogens, such as Human Metapneumovirus, Human coronaviruses and Influenza are examined. The role of newly described viruses, such as bocavirus, is also discussed. The impact of HIV/AIDS in ARI burden and presentation assessed and the weight of Pneumocystis jiroveci and Mycobacterium tuberculosis infections is recognized. It is concluded that there is an urgent need to improve diagnostics, therapeutics and vaccines, as well as macro and micronutrient intake of children of the world, particularly in developing countries.

Estima-se que a anemia afeta metade dos escolares e adolescentes nos países em desenvolvimento. As principais causas são enteroparasitoses, malária e/ou baixa ingesta de ferro. Este estudo objetivou descrever a prevalência de anemia e de enteroparasitoses, assim como o estado nutricional de escolares de primeiro grau de escolas públicas municipais de Aracaju, SE, Brasil. Dos 360 estudantes, 26,7% estavam anêmicos, sendo a prevalência maior nos menores de oito anos e nos maiores de 15. A prevalência geral de enteroparasitoses foi de 42%. Ascaris lumbricoides (28,7%), Trichuris trichiura (15,6%) e ancilostomídeos (1,7%) estavam entre os mais freqüentemente encontrados. Houve associação entre enteroparasitose e má condição de saneamento, mas não entre anemia e presença de enteroparasitos. Os escores de desvio padrão (Z-scores) de altura para idade foram inferiores aos padrões do NCHS, com prevalência de 5,4% de desnutrição pregressa (stunting). Apesar de as enteroparasitoses não terem sido associadas com anemia, as crianças que tinham parasitas ao exame apresentavam pior estado nutricional (peso/altura) que aquelas cujos exames resultaram negativos.

Anemia is estimated to affect half the school-age children and adolescents in developing countries. The main causes are parasitic infections, malaria, and low iron intake. This study aimed to describe the prevalence of anemia, parasitic infections, and nutritional status of children attending public primary schools in Aracaju, Northeast Brazil. Of 360 students, 26.7% were anemic, and prevalence was higher in children under 8 and over 15 years of age. Overall prevalence of intestinal parasites was 42%, with Ascaris lumbricoides (28.7%), Trichuris trichiura (15.6%), and hookworm (1.7%) most frequently found. There was an association between parasitic infections and poor sanitary conditions, but there was no association between anemia and presence of intestinal parasites. Height-for-age Z scores were lower than the NCHS standard, and prevalence of stunting was 5.4%. Although intestinal parasites were not associated with anemia, children with parasites had lower nutritional indices (weight- and height-for-age Z scores) than those without parasites.

Estima-se que a anemia afeta metade dos escolares e adolescentes nos países em desenvolvimento. As principais causas são enteroparasitoses, malária e/ou baixa ingesta de ferro. Este estudo objetivou descrever a prevalência de anemia e de enteroparasitoses, assim como o estado nutricional de escolares de primeiro grau de escolas públicas municipais de Aracaju, SE, Brasil. Dos 360 estudantes, 26,7% estavam anêmicos, sendo a prevalência maior nos menores de oito anos e nos maiores de 15. A prevalência geral de enteroparasitoses foi de 42%. Ascaris lumbricoides (28,7%), Trichuris trichiura (15,6%) e ancilostomídeos (1,7%) estavam entre os mais freqüentemente encontrados. Houve associação entre enteroparasitose e má condição de saneamento, mas não entre anemia e presença de enteroparasitos. Os escores de desvio padrão (Z-scores) de altura para idade foram inferiores aos padrões do NCHS, com prevalência de 5,4% de desnutrição pregressa (stunting). Apesar de as enteroparasitoses não terem sido associadas com anemia, as crianças que tinham parasitas ao exame apresentavam pior estado nutricional (peso/altura) que aquelas cujos exames resultaram negativos.

Anemia is estimated to affect half the school-age children and adolescents in developing countries. The main causes are parasitic infections, malaria, and low iron intake. This study aimed to describe the prevalence of anemia, parasitic infections, and nutritional status of children attending public primary schools in Aracaju, Northeast Brazil. Of 360 students, 26.7% were anemic, and prevalence was higher in children under 8 and over 15 years of age. Overall prevalence of intestinal parasites was 42%, with Ascaris lumbricoides (28.7%), Trichuris trichiura (15.6%), and hookworm (1.7%) most frequently found. There was an association between parasitic infections and poor sanitary conditions, but there was no association between anemia and presence of intestinal parasites. Height-for-age Z scores were lower than the NCHS standard, and prevalence of stunting was 5.4%. Although intestinal parasites were not associated with anemia, children with parasites had lower nutritional indices (weight- and height-for-age Z scores) than those without parasites.